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Library of Congress

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the United States Library of Congress. For other uses, see <a href="Library_of_Congress_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Library of Congress (disambiguation)">Library of Congress (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ededed;">Library of Congress</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Main reading room in the <a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a> at the Library of Congress</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:38.88861111111111,-77.00472222222223">38°53′19″N 77°0′17″W / 38.88861°N 77.00472°W / 38.88861; -77.00472</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">101 <a href="Independence_Avenue_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Independence Ave.</a>, S.E., Washington, D.C., U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">April 24, 1800 (April 24, 1800)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Collection</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">173 million items<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Access and use</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Circulation</th><td class="infobox-data">Onsite use only</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population served</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, citizens, and international visitors</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Other information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$802.128 million<a href="#cite_note-2017annualreport-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Director</th><td class="infobox-data">Robert Newlen, Acting</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">3,105<a href="#cite_note-2017annualreport-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/">loc.gov</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

The Library of Congress (LC or sometimes LOC) is a <a href="Research_library" title="Research library">research library</a> in Washington, D.C., serving as the library and research service for the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and the de facto <a href="National_library" title="National library">national library</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress-4">[3]</a> It also administers <a href="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law</a> through the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>, and it houses the <a href="Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.

Founded in 1800, the Library of Congress is the oldest <a href="Cultural_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Cultural policy of the United States">federal cultural institution</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5">[4]</a> It is housed in three buildings on <a href="Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>, adjacent to the <a href="United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, along with the <a href="National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a> in <a href="Culpeper%2C_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, and additional storage facilities at <a href="Fort_Meade" title="Fort Meade">Fort George G. Meade</a> and Cabin Branch in <a href="Hyattsville%2C_Maryland" title="Hyattsville, Maryland">Hyattsville, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GeneralInfo-6">[5]</a> The library's functions are overseen by the <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">librarian of Congress</a>, and its buildings are maintained by the <a href="Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">architect of the Capitol</a>. The LC is one of the <a href="List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">largest libraries in the world</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FFStats-7">[6]</a> containing approximately 173 million items and employing over 3,000 staff. Its collections are "universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages".<a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5">[4]</a>

When <a href="Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress</a> moved to Washington in November 1800, a small congressional library was housed in the Capitol. Much of the original collection was lost in the August 1814 <a href="Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a> by the British during the <a href="War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Congress accepted former president <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s offer to sell his entire personal collection of 6,487 books to restore the library. The collection grew slowly and suffered another major fire in 1851, which destroyed two-thirds of Jefferson's original books.

The Library of Congress faced space shortages, understaffing, and lack of funding, until the American Civil War increased the importance of legislative research to meet the demands of a growing federal government.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> In 1870, the library gained the right to receive two copies of every <a href="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyrightable work</a> printed in the United States; it also built its collections through acquisitions and donations. Between 1890 and 1897, a new library building, now the <a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, was constructed. Two additional buildings, the <a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a> (opened in 1939) and the <a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a> (opened in 1980), were later added.

The LC's Congressional Research Service provides objective non-partisan research to Congress to assist it in passing legislation. The library is open to the public for research, although only members of Congress, their staff, and library employees may borrow materials for use outside the library.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1800–1851:_Origin_and_Jefferson's_contribution">1800–1851: Origin and Jefferson's contribution</h3></div>

In 1783, <a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, a <a href="Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father</a> and the nation's fourth president, proposed creating a congressional library, but failed to gain necessary support for the idea. After the <a href="American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, however, the Philadelphia Library Company and <a href="New_York_Society_Library" title="New York Society Library">New York Society Library</a> served as surrogate congressional libraries when Congress convened in those cities.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[9]</a>

On April 24, 1800, the Library of Congress was established when <a href="John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, the nation's second president, signed an <a href="Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">act of Congress</a>, which appropriated $5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress...and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them."<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Books were ordered from London, forming a collection of 740 books and three maps housed in the new <a href="United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

Adams' successor as U.S. president, <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, also played a crucial role in shaping development of the Library of Congress. On January 26, 1802, Jefferson signed a bill allowing the president to appoint the <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">librarian of Congress</a> and establishing a <a href="Joint_Committee_on_the_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee on the Library">Joint Committee on the Library</a> to oversee it. The law also extended borrowing privileges to the president and vice president.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[13]</a>

In August 1814, British forces occupied Washington, D.C., and, in retaliation for American acts in Canada, <a href="Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">burned</a> several <a href="Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">government</a> buildings, including the Library of Congress, resulting in the destructing of over 3,000 of its volumes.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a> These volumes were held in the Senate wing of the Capitol; one surviving volume was a government account book from 1810.<a href="#cite_note-:2-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-HistoryBurn-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> This volume was taken by British commander <a href="Sir_George_Cockburn%2C_10th_Baronet" title="Sir George Cockburn, 10th Baronet">George Cockburn</a> as a souvenir, which was later returned to the U.S. over a century later, in 1940, by his family.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a>

Within a month, Jefferson offered to sell his large personal library<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> as a replacement. He had reconstituted his own collection after losing part of it to a fire. Congress accepted the offer in January 1815, appropriating $23,950 to purchase his 6,487 books.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a> Some House members, including New Hampshire representative <a href="Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, opposed the purchase, wanting to exclude "books of an atheistical, irreligious, and immoral tendency".<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a>

Jefferson's collection, gathered over 50 years, covered various subjects and languages, including topics not typically found in a legislative library.<a href="#cite_note-:4-10">[9]</a> He believed all subjects had a place in the Library of Congress, stating:

<blockquote>I do not know that it contains any branch of science which Congress would wish to exclude from their collection; there is, in fact, no subject to which a Member of Congress may not have occasion to refer.<a href="#cite_note-:3-21">[20]</a></blockquote>

Jefferson's library was a working collection for a scholar, not for display. It doubled the size of the original library, transforming it from a specialist's library to a more general one.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> He organized his books based on <a href="Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>'s <a href="Works_by_Francis_Bacon#Scientific_works" title="Works by Francis Bacon">organization of knowledge</a>, grouping them into Memory, Reason, and Imagination with 44 subdivisions.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The library used this scheme until the late 19th century when librarian <a href="Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a> introduced the <a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a>, now applying to over 138 million items.

A February 24, 1824, report from the <a href="Committee_of_Ways_and_Means" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee of Ways and Means">Committee of Ways and Means</a> recommended a $5,000 appropriation for the Library of Congress, noting the need to improve its collections in "Law, Politics, Commerce, History, and Geography," which were crucial for Congress.<a href="#cite_note-gi-24">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1851–1865:_Weakening">1851–1865: Weakening</h3></div>

On December 24, 1851, the largest fire in the library's history destroyed 35,000 books, two-thirds of the library's collection, and two-thirds of <a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s original transfer. Congress appropriated $168,700 to replace the lost books in 1852 but not to acquire new materials.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-25">[24]</a> (By 2008, the librarians of Congress had found replacements for all but 300 of the works that had been documented as being in Jefferson's original collection.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a>) This marked the start of a conservative period in the library's administration by librarian <a href="John_Silva_Meehan" title="John Silva Meehan">John Silva Meehan</a> and joint committee chairman <a href="James_Pearce_(American_politician)" title="James Pearce (American politician)">James A. Pearce</a>, who restricted the library's activities.<a href="#cite_note-Library_of_Congress-25">[24]</a> Meehan and Pearce's views about a restricted scope for the Library of Congress reflected those shared by members of Congress.

While Meehan was a librarian, he supported and perpetuated the notion that "the congressional library should play a limited role on the national scene and that its collections, by and large, should emphasize American materials of obvious use to the U.S. Congress."<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1859, Congress transferred the library's public document distribution activities to the <a href="United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a> and its international book exchange program to the <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>

During the 1850s, <a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> librarian <a href="Charles_Coffin_Jewett" title="Charles Coffin Jewett">Charles Coffin Jewett</a> aggressively tried to develop the Smithsonian as the United States national library. His efforts were rejected by Smithsonian secretary <a href="Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, who advocated a focus on scientific research and publication.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> To reinforce his intentions for the Smithsonian, Henry established laboratories, developed a robust physical sciences library, and started the <a href="Smithsonian_Contributions_to_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge">Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge</a>, the first of many publications intended to disseminate research results.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> For Henry, the Library of Congress was the obvious choice as the national library. Unable to resolve the conflict, Henry dismissed Jewett in July 1854.

In 1865, the Smithsonian building, also called the Castle due to its Norman architectural style, was severely damaged by fire. This incident presented Henry with an opportunity related to the Smithsonian's non-scientific library. Around this time, the Library of Congress was planning to build and relocate to the new <a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, designed to be fireproof.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Authorized by an act of Congress, Henry transferred the Smithsonian's non-scientific library of 40,000 volumes to the Library of Congress in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a>

In 1861, President <a href="Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> appointed <a href="John_G._Stephenson" class="mw-redirect" title="John G. Stephenson">John G. Stephenson</a> as <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a>; the appointment is regarded as the most political to date.<a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33">[32]</a> Stephenson was a physician and spent equal time serving as librarian and as a physician in the <a href="Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>. He could manage this division of interest because he hired <a href="Ainsworth_Rand_Spofford" title="Ainsworth Rand Spofford">Ainsworth Rand Spofford</a> as his assistant.<a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33">[32]</a> Despite his new job, Stephenson focused on the war. Three weeks into his term as Librarian of Congress, he left Washington, D.C., to serve as a volunteer <a href="Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> at the battles of <a href="Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a> and <a href="Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a> during the <a href="American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33">[32]</a> Stephenson's hiring of Spofford, who directed the library in his absence, may have been his most significant achievement.<a href="#cite_note-John_G_Stephenson-33">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1865–1897:_Spofford's_expansion">1865–1897: Spofford's expansion</h3></div>

Librarian <a href="Ainsworth_Rand_Spofford" title="Ainsworth Rand Spofford">Ainsworth Rand Spofford</a>, who directed the Library of Congress from 1865 to 1897, built broad bipartisan support to develop it as a national library and a legislative resource.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> He was aided by expansion of the federal government after the war and a favorable political climate. He began comprehensively collecting <a href="Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a> and <a href="American_literature" title="American literature">American literature</a>, led the construction of a new building to house the library, and transformed the librarian of Congress position into one of strength and independence. Between 1865 and 1870, Congress appropriated funds for the construction of the <a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a>, placed all <a href="Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">copyright registration</a> and <a href="Copyright_deposit" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright deposit">deposit</a> activities under the library's control, and restored the international book exchange. The library also acquired the vast libraries of the Smithsonian and of historian <a href="Peter_Force" title="Peter Force">Peter Force</a>, strengthening its scientific and Americana collections significantly. By 1876, the Library of Congress had 300,000 volumes; it was tied with the <a href="Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a> as the nation's largest library. It moved from the Capitol building to its new headquarters in 1897 with more than 840,000 volumes, 40 percent of which had been acquired through copyright deposit.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

A year before the library's relocation, the Joint Library Committee held hearings to assess the condition of the library and plan for its future growth and possible reorganization. Spofford and six experts sent by the <a href="American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> testified that the library should continue its expansion to become a true national library. Based on the hearings, Congress authorized a budget that allowed the library to more than double its staff, from 42 to 108 persons. Senators <a href="Justin_Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Morrill">Justin Morrill</a> of Vermont and <a href="Daniel_W._Voorhees" title="Daniel W. Voorhees">Daniel W. Voorhees</a> of Indiana were particularly helpful in gaining this support. The library also established new administrative units for all aspects of the collection. In its bill, Congress strengthened the role of librarian of Congress: it became responsible for governing the library and making staff appointments. As with presidential Cabinet appointments, the Senate was required to approve presidential appointees to the position.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

In 1893, <a href="Bessie_Dwyer" title="Bessie Dwyer">Elizabeth Dwyer</a> became the first woman to be appointed to the staff of the library.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1897–1939:_Post-reorganization">1897–1939: Post-reorganization</h3></div>

With this support and the 1897 reorganization upon moving into its new home, the Library of Congress began to grow and develop more rapidly. Librarian Spofford's successor <a href="John_Russell_Young" title="John Russell Young">John Russell Young</a> overhauled the library's bureaucracy, used his connections as a former diplomat to acquire more materials from around the world, and established the library's first assistance programs for the blind and physically disabled, with the establishment of the <a href="National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled</a>.

Librarian Young's successor <a href="Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a> held the office for forty years of the 20th century from 1899 to 1939. Two years after he took office, the library became the first in the United States to hold one million volumes.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a> Putnam focused his efforts to make the library more accessible and useful for the public and for other libraries. He instituted the <a href="Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a> service, transforming the Library of Congress into what he referred to as a "library of last resort".<a href="#cite_note-interlibrary_loan-38">[37]</a> Putnam also expanded library access to "scientific investigators and duly qualified individuals", and began publishing <a href="Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">primary sources</a> for the benefit of scholars.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

During Putnam's tenure, the library broadened the diversity of its acquisitions. In 1903, Putnam persuaded President <a href="Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> to use an executive order to transfer the papers of the <a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> from the State Department to the Library of Congress.

Putnam also expanded foreign acquisitions, including the 1904 purchase of a 4,000-volume library of Indica, the 1906 purchase of G. V. Yudin's 80,000-volume Russian library, the 1908 Schatz collection of early opera <a href="Libretto" title="Libretto">librettos</a>, and the early 1930s purchase of the Russian Imperial Collection, consisting of 2,600 volumes from the library of the <a href="Romanov_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov family">Romanov family</a> on a variety of topics. Collections of <a href="Hebraica" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebraica">Hebraica</a>, Chinese, and Japanese works were also acquired. On one occasion, Congress initiated an acquisition: in 1929 Congressman <a href="Ross_Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross Collins">Ross Collins</a> (D-Mississippi) gained approval for the library to purchase <a href="Otto_Vollbehr" title="Otto Vollbehr">Otto Vollbehr</a>'s collection of <a href="Incunabula" class="mw-redirect" title="Incunabula">incunabula</a> for $1.5 million. This collection included one of three remaining perfect <a href="Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> copies of the <a href="Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>

Putnam established the <a href="Legislative_Reference_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Reference Service">Legislative Reference Service</a> (LRS) in 1914 as a separative administrative unit of the library. Based on the <a href="Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a>'s philosophy of science to be used to solve problems, and modeled after successful research branches of state legislatures, the LRS would provide informed answers to Congressional research inquiries on almost any topic. Congress passed in 1925 an act allowing the Library of Congress to establish a trust fund board to accept donations and endowments, giving the library a role as a <a href="Patron_of_the_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron of the arts">patron of the arts</a>. The library received donations and endowments by such prominent wealthy individuals as <a href="John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, James B. Wilbur, and <a href="Archer_M._Huntington" class="mw-redirect" title="Archer M. Huntington">Archer M. Huntington</a>. Gertrude Clarke Whittall donated five <a href="List_of_Stradivarius_instruments#Violins" title="List of Stradivarius instruments">Stradivarius violins</a> to the library. <a href="Elizabeth_Sprague_Coolidge" title="Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge">Elizabeth Sprague Coolidge</a>'s donations paid for a <a href="Concert_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert hall">concert hall</a> to be constructed within the Library of Congress building and an <a href="Honorarium" title="Honorarium">honorarium</a> established for the Music Division to pay live performers for concerts. A number of chairs and consultantships were established from the donations, the most well-known of which is the <a href="Poet_Laureate_Consultant_in_Poetry_to_the_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress">Poet Laureate Consultant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

The library's expansion eventually filled the library's Main Building, although it used shelving expansions in 1910 and 1927. The library needed to expand into a new structure. Congress acquired nearby land in 1928 and approved construction of the Annex Building (later known as the <a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a>) in 1930. Although delayed during the <a href="Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a> years, it was completed in 1938 and opened to the public in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1939–1987:_National_versus_legislative_role">1939–1987: National versus legislative role</h3></div>

In 1939, following Putnam's retirement, President <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> appointed poet and writer <a href="Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a> as his successor. Occupying the post from 1939 to 1944 during the height of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, MacLeish became the most widely known librarian of Congress in the library's history. MacLeish encouraged librarians to oppose <a href="Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> on behalf of democracy; dedicated the South Reading Room of the Adams Building to Thomas Jefferson, and commissioned artist <a href="Ezra_Winter" title="Ezra Winter">Ezra Winter</a> to paint four themed murals for the room. He established a "democracy alcove" in the Main Reading Room of the Jefferson Building for essential documents such as the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and <a href="The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>. The Library of Congress assisted during the war effort, ranging from storage of the <a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and the <a href="United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> in <a href="Fort_Knox" title="Fort Knox">Fort Knox</a> for safekeeping to researching weather data on the <a href="Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> for <a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> pilots. MacLeish resigned in 1944 when appointed as Assistant Secretary of State.

President <a href="Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> appointed <a href="Luther_H._Evans" title="Luther H. Evans">Luther H. Evans</a> as Librarian of Congress. Evans, who served until 1953, expanded the library's acquisitions, cataloging, and bibliographic services. But he is best known for creating Library of Congress Missions worldwide. Missions played a variety of roles in the postwar world: the mission in San Francisco assisted participants in the <a href="Meeting_that_established_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Meeting that established the United Nations">meeting that established the United Nations</a>, the mission in Europe acquired European publications for the Library of Congress and other American libraries, and the mission in Japan aided in the creation of the <a href="National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">National Diet Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

Evans' successor <a href="Lawrence_Quincy_Mumford" title="Lawrence Quincy Mumford">Lawrence Quincy Mumford</a> took over in 1953. During his tenure, lasting until 1974, Mumford directed the initiation of construction of the <a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>, the third Library of Congress building on Capitol Hill. Mumford led the library during the government's increased educational spending. The library was able to establish new acquisition centers abroad, including in <a href="Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> and New Delhi. In 1967, the library began experimenting with <a href="Book_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Book preservation">book preservation</a> techniques through a Preservation Office. This has developed as the most extensive library research and conservation effort in the United States.

During Mumford's administration, the last significant public debate occurred about the Library of Congress's role as both a legislative and national library. Asked by Joint Library Committee chairman Senator <a href="Claiborne_Pell" title="Claiborne Pell">Claiborne Pell</a> (D-RI) to assess operations and make recommendations, Douglas Bryant of <a href="Harvard_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Library">Harvard University Library</a> proposed several institutional reforms. These included expanding national activities and services and various organizational changes, all of which would emphasize the library's federal role rather than its legislative role. Bryant suggested changing the name of the Library of Congress, a recommendation rebuked by Mumford as "unspeakable violence to tradition." The debate continued within the library community for some time. The <a href="Legislative_Reorganization_Act_of_1970" title="Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970">Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970</a> renewed emphasis for the library on its legislative roles, requiring a greater focus on research for Congress and congressional committees, and renaming the Legislative Reference Service as the <a href="Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loc_history-12">[11]</a>

After Mumford retired in 1974, President <a href="Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> appointed historian <a href="Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> as a librarian. Boorstin's first challenge was to manage the relocation of some sections to the new Madison Building, which took place between 1980 and 1982. With this accomplished, Boorstin focused on other areas of library administration, such as acquisitions and collections. Taking advantage of steady budgetary growth, from $116 million in 1975 to over $250 million by 1987, Boorstin enhanced institutional and staff ties with scholars, authors, publishers, cultural leaders, and the business community. His activities changed the post of librarian of Congress so that by the time he retired in 1987, <a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> called this office "perhaps the leading intellectual public position in the nation."

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987–2015_Billington_leadership,_digitization_and_programs">1987–2015 Billington leadership, digitization and programs</h3></div>

In 1987, President <a href="Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> nominated historian <a href="James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a> as the thirteenth librarian of Congress, and the <a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> unanimously confirmed the appointment.<a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-41">[40]</a>

Under Billington's leadership, the library doubled the size of its analog collections from 85.5 million items in 1987 to more than 160 million items in 2014. At the same time, it established new programs and employed new technologies to "get the champagne out of the bottle". These included:

<ul><li><a href="American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a> created in 1990, which became the <a href="National_Digital_Library_Program" title="National Digital Library Program">National Digital Library</a> in 1994. It provides free access online to digitized American history and culture resources, including <a href="Primary_source" title="Primary source">primary sources</a>, with curatorial explanations to support use in <a href="K-12_education" class="mw-redirect" title="K-12 education">K-12 education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a></li>

<li><a href="THOMAS.gov" class="mw-redirect" title="THOMAS.gov">THOMAS.gov</a> website launched in 1994 to provide free public access to U.S. federal legislative information with ongoing updates; and <a href="Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a> website to provide a state-of-the-art framework for both Congress and the public in 2012;<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Book_Festival" title="National Book Festival">National Book Festival</a>, founded in 2001 with First Lady <a href="Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> has attracted more than 1,000 authors and a million guests to the <a href="National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> and the <a href="Washington_Convention_Center" title="Washington Convention Center">Washington Convention Center</a> to celebrate reading. With a major gift from <a href="David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a> in 2013, the library established the <a href="Library_of_Congress_Literacy_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Literacy Awards">Library of Congress Literacy Awards</a> to recognize and support achievements in improving literacy in the U.S. and abroad;<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a></li>

<li><a href="John_W._Kluge_Center" title="John W. Kluge Center">Kluge Center</a>, started with a grant of $60 million from <a href="John_W._Kluge" class="mw-redirect" title="John W. Kluge">John W. Kluge</a> in 2000, brings international scholars and researchers to use library resources and to interact with policymakers and the public. It hosts public lectures and scholarly events, provides endowed Kluge fellowships, and awards the <a href="Kluge_Prize" title="Kluge Prize">Kluge Prize for the Study of Humanity</a> (now worth $1.5 million), the first Nobel-level international prize for lifetime achievement in the humanities and social sciences (subjects not included in the <a href="Nobel_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel awards">Nobel awards</a>);<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></li>

<li><a href="Open_World_Leadership_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Open World Leadership Center">Open World Leadership Center</a>, established in 2000; by 2015 this program administered 23,000 professional exchanges for emerging post-Soviet leaders in Russia, Ukraine, and other successor states of the former <a href="USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. Open World began as a Library of Congress project, and later was established as an independent agency in the legislative branch.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a></li>

<li><a href="Veterans_History_Project" title="Veterans History Project">Veterans History Project</a>, congressionally mandated in 2000 to collect, preserve, and make accessible the personal accounts of American war veterans from <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to the present day;<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a> opened in 2007 at a 45-acre site in <a href="Culpeper%2C_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a>, established with a gift of more than $150 million by the <a href="Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>, and $82.1 million in additional support from Congress.</li></ul>

Since 1988, the library has administered the <a href="National_Film_Preservation_Board" title="National Film Preservation Board">National Film Preservation Board</a>. Established by congressional mandate, it selects twenty-five American films annually for preservation and inclusion in the <a href="National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a>, a collection of American films, for which the Library of Congress accepts nominations each year.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> There also exists a <a href="National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a> administered by the <a href="National_Recording_Preservation_Board" title="National Recording Preservation Board">National Recording Preservation Board</a> that serves a similar purpose for music and sound recordings.

The library has made some of these available on the Internet for free streaming and additionally has provided brief essays on the films that have been added to the registry.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> By 2015, the librarian had named 650 films to the registry.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The films in the collection date from the earliest period to ones produced more than ten years ago; they are selected from nominations submitted to the board. Further programs included:

<ul><li><a href="Gershwin_Prize_for_Popular_Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershwin Prize for Popular Song">Gershwin Prize for Popular Song</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> was launched in 2007 to honor the work of an artist whose career reflects lifetime achievement in song composition. Winners have included <a href="Paul_Simon" title="Paul Simon">Paul Simon</a>, <a href="Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>, <a href="Paul_McCartney" title="Paul McCartney">Paul McCartney</a>, <a href="Burt_Bacharach" title="Burt Bacharach">Burt Bacharach</a> and <a href="Hal_David" title="Hal David">Hal David</a>, <a href="Carole_King" title="Carole King">Carole King</a>, <a href="Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>, and <a href="Willie_Nelson" title="Willie Nelson">Willie Nelson</a>, as of 2015. The library also launched the <a href="Library_of_Congress_Living_Legend" title="Library of Congress Living Legend">Living Legend Awards</a> in 2000 to honor artists, activists, filmmakers, and others who have contributed to America's diverse cultural, scientific, and social heritage;</li>

<li>Fiction Prize (now the <a href="Library_of_Congress_Prize_for_American_Fiction" title="Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction">Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction</a>) was started in 2008 to recognize distinguished lifetime achievement in the writing of fiction.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>, established in association with <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and 181 partners in 81 countries in 2009, makes copies of professionally curated primary materials of the world's varied cultures freely available online in multiple languages.<a href="#cite_note-Background_-_World_Digital_Library-55">[54]</a></li>

<li>National Jukebox, launched in 2011, provides streaming free online access to more than 10,000 out-of-print music and spoken-word recordings.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a></li>

<li>BARD was started in 2013; it is a digital, talking books <a href="Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> for <a href="Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> and audio reading downloads, in partnership with the library's <a href="National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled</a>. It enables free downloads of audio and braille books to mobile devices via the <a href="App_Store_(iOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="App Store (iOS)">Apple App Store</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></li></ul>

During Billington's tenure, the library acquired <a href="Gilbert_du_Motier%2C_marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette">General Lafayette</a>'s papers in 1996 from a castle at La Grange, France; they had previously been inaccessible.

It also acquired the only copy of the 1507 <a href="Waldseem%C3%BCller_map" title="Waldseemüller map">Waldseemüller world map</a> ("America's birth certificate") in 2003; it is on permanent display in the library's Thomas Jefferson Building.

Using privately raised funds, the Library of Congress has created a reconstruction of Thomas Jefferson's original library. This has been on permanent display in the Jefferson building since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a>

Under Billington, public spaces of the Jefferson Building were enlarged and technologically enhanced to serve as a national exhibition venue. It has hosted more than 100 exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> These included exhibits on the <a href="Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Vatican Library</a> and the <a href="Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a>, several on the Civil War and Lincoln, on African-American culture, on Religion and the founding of the American Republic, the Early Americas (the Kislak Collection became a permanent display), on the global celebration commemorating the 800th anniversary of <a href="Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, and on early American printing, featuring the Rubenstein <a href="Bay_Psalm_Book" title="Bay Psalm Book">Bay Psalm Book</a>.

Onsite access to the Library of Congress has been increased. Billington gained an underground connection between the new U.S. Capitol Visitors Center and the library in 2008 to increase both congressional usage and public tours of the library's Thomas Jefferson Building.<a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-41">[40]</a>

In 2001, the library began a <a href="Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">mass deacidification</a> program, to extend the lifespan of almost 4 million volumes and 12 million manuscript sheets. In 2002, a new storage facility was completed at <a href="Fort_Meade%2C_Maryland" title="Fort Meade, Maryland">Fort Meade, Maryland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GeneralInfo-6">[5]</a> where a collection of storage modules have preserved and made accessible more than 4 million items from the library's analog collections.

Billington established the Library Collections Security Oversight Committee in 1992 to improve protection of the collections, and also the Library of Congress Congressional Caucus in 2008 to draw attention to the library's curators and collections. He created the library's first Young Readers Center in the Jefferson Building in 2009, and the first large-scale summer intern (Junior Fellows) program for university students in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a>

Under Billington, the library sponsored the Gateway to Knowledge in 2010 to 2011, a mobile exhibition to ninety sites, covering all states east of the Mississippi, in a specially designed eighteen-wheel truck. This increased public access to library collections off-site, particularly for rural populations, and helped raise awareness of what was also available online.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a>

Billington raised more than half a billion dollars of private support to supplement Congressional appropriations for library collections, programs, and digital outreach. These private funds helped the library to continue its growth and outreach in the face of a 30% decrease in staffing, caused mainly by legislative appropriations cutbacks. He created the library's first development office for private fundraising in 1987. In 1990, he established the James Madison Council, the library's first national private sector donor-support group. In 1987, Billington also asked the <a href="Government_Accountability_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a> (GAO) to conduct the first library-wide audit. He created the first <a href="Office_of_the_Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Inspector General">Office of the Inspector General</a> at the library to provide regular, independent reviews of library operations. This precedent has resulted in regular annual financial audits at the library; it has received unmodified ("clean") opinions from 1995 onward.<a href="#cite_note-loc.gov-41">[40]</a> In April 2010, the library announced plans to archive all public communication on Twitter, including all communication since Twitter's launch in March 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Grier-62">[61]</a> As of 2015, the Twitter archive remains unfinished.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a>

Before retiring in 2015, after 28 years of service, Billington had come "under pressure" as librarian of Congress.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> This followed a GAO report that described a "work environment lacking central oversight" and faulted Billington for "ignoring repeated calls to hire a chief information officer, as required by law."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a>

When Billington announced his plans to retire in 2015, commentator <a href="George_Weigel" title="George Weigel">George Weigel</a> described the Library of Congress as "one of the last refuges in Washington of serious bipartisanship and calm, considered conversation", and "one of the world's greatest cultural centers".<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2016–2025_Hayden_leadership">2016–2025 Hayden leadership</h3></div>

Appointed in 2016 by President <a href="Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="Carla_Hayden" title="Carla Hayden">Carla D. Hayden</a> was sworn in as the fourteenth librarian of Congress on September 14, 2016. She is the first professional librarian to hold the post since 1974,<a href="#cite_note-ALA-Hayden-LibrarianOfCongress-2016-67">[66]</a> holding a Ph.D. in <a href="Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">library science</a> from the <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. She was the <a href="Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a> of <a href="Enoch_Pratt_Free_Library" title="Enoch Pratt Free Library">Enoch Pratt Free Library</a> in <a href="Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Maryland, from 1993 until 2016, and president of the <a href="American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA) from 2003 to 2004.<a href="#cite_note-BaltimoreSun-EnochPratt-ActingCEO-2016-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-ALA-PastPresidents-2011-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jet-ALAPresident-2002-70">[69]</a> She also is the first woman and the first African American to hold the position.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> She continued the work of digitizing as much as possible of the collection and of expanding electronic access to the collection. She initiated programs to modernize the library, expand access from rural areas, and expanding the infrastructure and technological capacity of the library and

assessment of her leadership of the library by the community reflects her expressed goals. The <a href="Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">Association of Research Libraries</a> noted Hayden's transformation of the library "into a more open, accessible, and celebrated U.S. institution, while reaffirming its role as the people’s library".<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The <a href="American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> characterized Hayden as a "wise and faithful steward of the Library of Congress – the library she has called our 'national treasure'".<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a>

In 2017, Hayden announced the Librarian-in-Residence program, which aims to support the future generation of librarians by giving them the opportunity to gain work experience in five different areas of librarianship, including: Acquisitions/Collection Development, Cataloging/Metadata, and Collection Preservation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a>

On January 6, 2021, at 1:11 pm EST, the Library's <a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a> and the <a href="Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon House Office Building</a> were the first buildings in the Capitol Complex to be ordered to evacuate as rioters breached security perimeters before <a href="January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">storming the Capitol building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Hayden clarified two days later that rioters did not breach any of the Library buildings or collections and all staff members were safely evacuated.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>

On February 14, 2023, Hayden announced that the <a href="Lilly_Endowment" title="Lilly Endowment">Lilly Endowment</a> gifted the library with $2.5 million as a five-year grant to "launch programs that foster greater understanding of religious cultures in Africa, Central Asia, and the Middle East".<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[79]</a> The Library plans to leverage the donation in these areas:

<ul><li>Produce a book and a film about <a href="Omar_ibn_Said" title="Omar ibn Said">Omar ibn Said</a></li>

<li>Provide public access to "programs that enhance knowledge about faiths practiced in the regions, including Indigenous African religious traditions, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and their influence on daily life."<a href="#cite_note-:0-80">[79]</a></li></ul>

On May 8, 2025, two days after Hayden had given testimony to the <a href="United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States Senate Committee on Appropriations">Senate Committee on Appropriations</a> and the <a href="United_States_House_Committee_on_House_Administration" title="United States House Committee on House Administration">Committee on House Administration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> via email and without any explanation, she was abruptly fired by <a href="Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">President Trump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <a href="Publishers'_Weekly" class="mw-redirect" title="Publishers' Weekly">Publishers' Weekly</a> characterized Hayden's termination as the "latest blow to professional research and the literary and arts community."<a href="#cite_note-opdebeek-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>

No replacement of Hayden has been nominated. Principal Deputy Librarian <a href="Robert_Newlen" title="Robert Newlen">Robert Newlen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TMK-CJ-CK_2025-87">[86]</a> who would have served as interim librarian was fired and Trump named Deputy Attorney General <a href="Todd_Blanche" title="Todd Blanche">Todd Blanche</a> as acting librarian of Congress and later fired the deputy librarian and copyright office director (Perlmutter and Newlen), appointing senior DOJ officials Brian Nieves and Paul Perkins as respectively, for the interim. This has been interpreted as an attack on the separation of powers.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Perlmutter has sued to dispute the legality of the dismissal,<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> as the Register is appointed by, and responsible to, the <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holdings">Holdings</h2></div>

The collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million catalogued books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts; the largest rare book collection<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> in North America, including the rough draft of the <a href="United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, a <a href="Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> (originating from the <a href="Saint_Blaise_Abbey%2C_Black_Forest" title="Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest">Saint Blaise Abbey, Black Forest</a>—one of only three perfect <a href="Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a> copies known to exist);<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> over 1 million <a href="U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">U.S. government</a> publications; 1 million issues of world newspapers spanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000 <a href="Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> reels; U.S. and foreign comic books—over 12,000 titles in all, totaling more than 140,000 issues;<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> 1.9 million moving images (as of 2020); 5.3 million maps; 6 million works of <a href="Sheet_music" title="Sheet music">sheet music</a>; 3 million <a href="Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">sound recordings</a>; more than 14.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popular art pieces and architectural drawings;<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> the <a href="Betts_Stradivarius" title="Betts Stradivarius">Betts Stradivarius</a>; and the <a href="List_of_Stradivarius_instruments#Violas" title="List of Stradivarius instruments">Cassavetti Stradivarius</a>.

The library developed a system of book classification called <a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a> (LCC), which is used by most U.S. research and <a href="University_library" class="mw-redirect" title="University library">university libraries</a>.

The library serves as a legal repository for <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protection and <a href="Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">copyright registration</a>, and as the base for the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>. Regardless of whether they register their copyright, all publishers are required to submit two complete copies of their published works to the library—this requirement is known as mandatory deposit.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Nearly 15,000 new items published in the U.S. arrive every business day at the library. Contrary to popular belief, however, the library does not retain all of these works in its permanent collection, although it does add an average of 12,000 items per day.<a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5">[4]</a> Rejected items are used in trades with other libraries around the world, distributed to federal agencies, or donated to schools, communities, and other organizations within the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5">[4]</a>

As is true of many <a href="Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">similar libraries</a>, the Library of Congress retains copies of every publication in the English language that is deemed significant.

The Library of Congress states that its collection fills about 838 mi (1,349 km) of bookshelves and holds more than 167 million items with over 39 million books and other print materials.<a href="#cite_note-FFStats-7">[6]</a> A 2000 study by information scientists <a href="Peter_Lyman" title="Peter Lyman">Peter Lyman</a> and <a href="Hal_Varian" title="Hal Varian">Hal Varian</a> suggested that the amount of uncompressed <a href="Text_file" title="Text file">textual data</a> represented by the 26 million books then in the collection was 10 <a href="Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a>

The library also administers the <a href="National_Library_Service_for_the_Blind_and_Print_Disabled" title="National Library Service for the Blind and Print Disabled">National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped</a>, an audio book and <a href="Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> library program provided to more than 766,000 Americans.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3></div>

The library's first digitization project, <a href="American_Memory" title="American Memory">American Memory</a>, was launched in 1990, and was initially planned to choose 160 million objects from its collection to make digitally available on <a href="LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDiscs</a> and <a href="CDs" class="mw-redirect" title="CDs">CDs</a>, which were distributed to schools and libraries.

After realizing that this plan would be too expensive and inefficient, and with the rise of the Internet, the library decided to instead make digitized material available over the Internet. This project was made official in the National Digital Library Program (NDLP), created in October 1994. By 1999, the NDLP had succeeded in digitizing over 5 million objects and had a budget of $12 million. The library has kept the "American Memory" name for its public domain website, which today contains 15 million digital objects, comprising over 7 <a href="Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> of data.<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[97]</a>

American Memory is a source for <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> image resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content.

Nearly all of the lists of holdings, the catalogs of the library, can be consulted directly on its website. Librarians all over the world consult these catalogs, through the Web or through other media better suited to their needs, when they need to catalog for their collection a book published in the United States. They use the <a href="Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a> to make sure of the exact identity of the book.

Digital images are also available at <a href="Snapshots_of_the_Past" title="Snapshots of the Past">Snapshots of the Past</a>, which provides archival prints.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a>

The library has a budget of $6–8 million each year for digitization, meaning that not all works can be digitized. It makes determinations about what objects to prioritize based on what is especially important to Congress or potentially interesting for the public. The 15 million digitized items represent less than 10% of the library's total 160-million-item collection.

The library has chosen not to participate in other digital library projects such as <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> and the <a href="Digital_Public_Library_of_America" title="Digital Public Library of America">Digital Public Library of America</a>, although it has supported the <a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[97]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional">Congressional</h3></div>

In 1995, the Library of Congress established <a href="THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a>, an online archive of the proceedings of the <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, which included the full text of proposed legislation, bill summaries, and statuses, <a href="Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> text, and an index of the Congressional Record. In 2005 and again in 2010, the THOMAS system received major updates. A migration to a more modernized Web system, <a href="Congress.gov" title="Congress.gov">Congress.gov</a>, began in 2012, and the THOMAS system was retired in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Congress.gov is a joint project of the Library of Congress, the House, the Senate, and the <a href="Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2></div>

The Library of Congress is physically housed in three buildings on <a href="Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a> and a conservation center in rural <a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The library's Capitol Hill buildings are all connected by underground passageways, so that a library user need pass through security only once in a single visit. The library also has off-site storage facilities in <a href="Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> for less commonly requested materials.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thomas_Jefferson_Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a></div>

The <a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a> is located between <a href="Independence_Avenue_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Independence Avenue</a> and East Capitol Street on First Street SE. Construction began in 1890 with granite supplied by <a href="New_England_Granite_Works" title="New England Granite Works">New England Granite Works</a>, owned by <a href="James_G._Batterson" title="James G. Batterson">James G. Batterson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> The building opened in 1897 as the main building of the library and is the oldest of the three buildings. Known originally as the Library of Congress Building or Main Building, it took its present name on June 13, 1980.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Adams_Building">John Adams Building</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a></div>

The <a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a> is located between Independence Avenue and East Capitol Street on 2nd Street SE, the block adjacent to the Jefferson Building. The building was originally known as The Annex to the Main Building, which had run out of space. It opened its doors to the public on January 3, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Initially, it also housed the U.S. Copyright Office which moved to the Madison building in the 1970s.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Madison_Memorial_Building">James Madison Memorial Building</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a></div>

The James Madison Memorial Building is located between First and Second Streets on Independence Avenue SE. The building was constructed from 1971 to 1976, and serves as the official memorial to <a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, a <a href="Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father</a> and the fourth President of the United States<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a>

The Madison Building is also home to the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a> and to the Mary Pickford Theater, the "motion picture and television reading room" of the Library of Congress. The theater hosts regular free screenings of classic and contemporary movies and television shows.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Packard_Campus_for_Audio-Visual_Conservation">Packard Campus for Audio-Visual Conservation</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a></div>

Founded in 2007 and located in <a href="Culpeper%2C_Virginia" title="Culpeper, Virginia">Culpeper, Virginia</a> in <a href="Northern_Virginia" title="Northern Virginia">Northern Virginia</a>, the <a href="National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">National Audio-Visual Conservation Center</a> is the Library of Congress's newest building.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> It was constructed out of a former <a href="Federal_Reserve_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Reserve System">Federal Reserve</a> storage center and <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> bunker. The campus is designed to act as a single site to store all of the library's movie, television, and sound collections. It is named in honor of <a href="David_Woodley_Packard" title="David Woodley Packard">David Woodley Packard</a>, whose <a href="Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a> oversaw the design and construction of the facility. The centerpiece of the complex is a reproduction <a href="Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> movie theater that presents free movie screenings to the public on a semi-weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_Act">Copyright Act</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act#Anti-circumvention_exemptions" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a> and <a href="Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></div>

The Library of Congress, through both the librarian of Congress and the register of copyrights, is responsible for authorizing exceptions to Section 1201 of <a href="Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">Title 17 of the United States Code</a> as part of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. This process is done every three years, with the register receiving proposals from the public and acting as an advisor to the librarian, who issues a ruling on what is exempt. After three years have passed, the ruling is no longer valid and a new ruling on exemptions must be made.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2></div>

The library is open for academic research to anyone with a Reader Identification Card. One may not remove library items from the reading rooms or the library buildings. Most of the library's general collection of books and journals are in the closed stacks of the Jefferson and Adams Buildings; specialized collections of books and other materials are in closed stacks in all three main library buildings, or are stored off-site. Access to the closed stacks is not permitted under any circumstances, except to authorized library staff, and occasionally, to dignitaries. Only the reading room reference collections are on open shelves.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a>

Since 1902, American libraries have been able to request books and other items through <a href="Interlibrary_loan" title="Interlibrary loan">interlibrary loan</a> from the Library of Congress if these items are not readily available elsewhere. Through this system, the Library of Congress has served as a "library of last resort", according to <a href="Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a>, the <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a> from 1899 to 1939.<a href="#cite_note-interlibrary_loan-38">[37]</a> The Library of Congress lends books to other libraries with the stipulation that they be used only inside the borrowing library.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> In 2017, the Library of Congress began development on a reader's card for children under the age of sixteen.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2></div>

In addition to its library services, the Library of Congress is actively involved in various standard activities in areas related to bibliographical and search and retrieval standards. Areas of work include <a href="MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC standards</a>, <a href="Metadata_Encoding_and_Transmission_Standard" title="Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard">Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard</a> (METS), <a href="Metadata_Object_Description_Schema" title="Metadata Object Description Schema">Metadata Object Description Schema</a> (MODS), <a href="Z39.50" title="Z39.50">Z39.50</a> and <a href="Search/Retrieve_Web_Service" title="Search/Retrieve Web Service">Search/Retrieve Web Service</a> (SRW), and <a href="Search/Retrieve_via_URL" title="Search/Retrieve via URL">Search/Retrieve via URL</a> (SRU).<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The <a href="Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a> "seeks to further legal scholarship by providing opportunities for scholars and practitioners to conduct significant legal research. Individuals are invited to apply for projects which would further the multi-faceted mission of the law library in serving the U.S. Congress, other governmental agencies, and the public."<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annual_events">Annual events</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Fellows_in_American_Letters_of_the_Library_of_Congress" title="Fellows in American Letters of the Library of Congress">Fellows in American Letters of the Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Gershwin_Prize" title="Gershwin Prize">Gershwin Prize</a> for Popular Song</li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Prize_for_American_Fiction" title="Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction">Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Minor_American_Revolution_holidays#Founder's_Day" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Founder's Day</a> Celebration</li>

<li><a href="National_Audio-Visual_Conservation_Center#Mostly_Lost_Film_Identification_Workshop" title="National Audio-Visual Conservation Center">Mostly Lost Film Identification Workshop</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Book_Festival" title="National Book Festival">National Book Festival</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_personnel">Notable personnel</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarian of Congress</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Henriette_Avram" title="Henriette Avram">Henriette Avram</a>: Developed the MARC format (Machine Readable Cataloging), the international data standard for bibliographic and holdings information in libraries.</li>

<li><a href="John_Y._Cole" title="John Y. Cole">John Y. Cole</a>: founder of the <a href="Center_for_the_Book" title="Center for the Book">Center for the Book</a> and first historian of the Library of Congress.</li>

<li><a href="Cecil_Hobbs" title="Cecil Hobbs">Cecil Hobbs</a>: American scholar of Southeast Asian history, head of the Southern Asia Section of the Orientalia (now Asian) Division of the Library of Congress, and a major contributor to scholarship on Asia and the development of South East Asian coverage in American library collections.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a></li>

<li><a href="Julius_C._Jefferson_Jr." title="Julius C. Jefferson Jr.">Julius C. Jefferson Jr.</a>, head of the <a href="Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>, president of the <a href="American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (2020–2021), president of the <a href="Freedom_to_Read_Foundation" title="Freedom to Read Foundation">Freedom to Read Foundation</a> (2013–2016).</li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Architecture_of_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Architecture of Washington, D.C.">Architecture of Washington, D.C.</a></li>

<li><a href="Documents_Expediting_Project" title="Documents Expediting Project">Documents Expediting Project</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Feleky_Collection" title="Feleky Collection">Feleky Collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Classification" title="Library of Congress Classification">Library of Congress Classification</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Living_Legend" title="Library of Congress Living Legend">Library of Congress Living Legend</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Congress_Subject_Headings" title="Library of Congress Subject Headings">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a></li>

<li><a href="Minerva_Initiative" title="Minerva Initiative">Minerva Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Digital_Library_Program" title="National Digital Library Program">National Digital Library Program</a> (NDLP)</li>

<li><a href="National_Film_Registry" title="National Film Registry">National Film Registry</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Recording_Registry" title="National Recording Registry">National Recording Registry</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">United States Senate Library</a></li></ul></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The collection includes: 25 million catalogued books, 15.5 million other print items, 4.2 million recordings, 74.5 million manuscripts, 5.6 million maps, and 8.2 million sheet music pieces.<a href="#cite_note-Year_2020_at_a_Glance-1">[1]</a>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/general-information/">"Year 2020 at a Glance"</a>. Library of Congress. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223101833/https://www.loc.gov/about/general-information/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2021. Retrieved November 5, 2021.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2017annualreport-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2017annualreport_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2017annualreport_3-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/static/portals/about/reports-and-budgets/documents/annual-reports/fy2021.pdf">"2021 Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress"</a> (PDF). Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203043127/https://www.loc.gov/static/portals/about/reports-and-budgets/documents/annual-reports/fy2021.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 3, 2023. Retrieved December 2, 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica:_Library_of_Congress_4-1">b</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Congress">"Library of Congress"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405144736/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Congress">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved September 3, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Fascinating_Facts-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fascinating_Facts_5-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/about/fascinating-facts/">"Fascinating Facts"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405144735/https://www.loc.gov/about/fascinating-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 25, 2018.</cite>

</li>

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<li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLymanVarian2000" class="citation web cs1">Lyman, Peter; Varian, Hal R. (October 18, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816181442/http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info/how-much-info.pdf#page=110">"How Much Information?"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/projects/how-much-info/how-much-info.pdf#page=110">the original</a> (PDF) on August 16, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2013. <q>10 Terabytes: The printed collection of the US Library of Congress</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> David Gewirtz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdnet.com/article/thomas-gov-an-exclusive-inside-look-at-the-retirement-and-transition-of-a-classic-web-1-0/">So long, Thomas.gov: Inside the retirement of a classic Web 1.0 application</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160505012419/http://www.zdnet.com/article/thomas-gov-an-exclusive-inside-look-at-the-retirement-and-transition-of-a-classic-web-1-0/">Archived</a> May 5, 2016, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, ZDNet (May 4, 2016).

</li>

<li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMazmanian2016" class="citation web cs1">Mazmanian, Adam (April 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607113335/https://fcw.com/articles/2016/04/28/thomas-loc-retired.aspx">"Library of Congress to retire Thomas"</a>. <a href="Federal_Computer_Week" title="Federal Computer Week">Federal Computer Week</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fcw.com/articles/2016/04/28/thomas-loc-retired.aspx">the original</a> on June 7, 2016.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/09/19/102627154.pdf?pdf_redirect=true&ip=0">"Death List of a Day"</a> (PDF). The New York Times. September 19, 1901. Retrieved September 19, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCole2008" class="citation book cs1">Cole, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/jeff1.html">"The Thomas Jefferson Building"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/">On These Walls: Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress</a>. Scala Arts Publishers Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1857595451</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720192748/http://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCole2008" class="citation book cs1">Cole, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/adams.html">"The John Adams Building"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/">On These Walls: Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress</a>. Scala Arts Publishers Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1857595451</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720192748/http://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCole2008" class="citation book cs1">Cole, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/madison.html">"The James Madison Memorial Building"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/">On These Walls: Inscriptions and Quotations in the Buildings of the Library of Congress</a>. Scala Arts Publishers Inc. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1857595451</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720192748/http://www.loc.gov/loc/walls/">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/mopic/pickford/">"Mary Pickford Theater Film Schedule"</a>. Moving Image Research Center. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423170215/http://www.loc.gov/rr/mopic/pickford/">Archived</a> from the original on April 23, 2018. Retrieved April 23, 2018.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/avconservation/packard/">"The Packard Campus – A/V Conservation (Library of Congress)"</a>. Loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506162454/http://www.loc.gov/avconservation/packard/">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/events/#eventlist9">"Library of Congress events listing"</a>. Loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102124044/http://www.loc.gov/loc/events/#eventlist9">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/1201/">"Section 1201: Exemptions to Prohibition Against Circumvention of Technological Measures Protecting Copyrighted Works"</a>. United States Copyright Office. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806213422/http://www.copyright.gov/1201/">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2013/13-041.html">"Statement Regarding White House Response to 1201 Rulemaking"</a> (Press release). Library of Congress. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140802091904/http://www.loc.gov/today/pr/2013/13-041.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 2, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2014.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/useofcollections.html">"Using the Library's Collections (Research and Reference Services, Library of Congress)"</a>. loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220223042411/https://www.loc.gov/rr/useofcollections.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2022. Retrieved February 23, 2022.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/loan/loanweb1.html">"Subpage Title (Interlibrary Loan, Library of Congress)"</a>. Loc.gov. July 14, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104023748/http://www.loc.gov/rr/loan/loanweb1.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.picketfencemedia.com/sanclementetimes/eye-on-sc/adam-coffey-8-of-san-clemente-convinces-library-of-congress-to-initiate-children-s-program/article_ff216e47-20ec-59e8-982f-6ad856ea1123.html">"Adam Coffey, 8, of San Clemente Convinces Library of Congress to Initiate Children's Program"</a>. Picket Fence Media. October 26, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2024.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/">"Standards at the Library of Congress"</a>. Loc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504211816/https://www.loc.gov/standards/">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 5, 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/research-centers/law-library-of-congress/about-this-research-center/opportunities/">"Opportunities"</a>. Law Library of Congress. loc.gov.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFTsuneishi1992" class="citation journal cs1">Tsuneishi, Warren (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911800041607">"Obituary: Cecil Hobbs (1907–1991)"</a>. <a href="Journal_of_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Asian Studies">Journal of Asian Studies</a>. 51 (2): 472–473. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021911800041607">10.1017/s0021911800041607</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div>

<ul><li>Cole, John Y. and Henry Hope Reed. The Library of Congress: The Art and Architecture of the Thomas Jefferson Building (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Library-Congress-Architecture-Jefferson-Building/dp/0393045633/">excerpt and text search</a></li>

<li>Small, Herbert, and Henry Hope Reed. The Library of Congress: Its Architecture and Decoration (1983)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAikin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Aikin, Jane (2010). "Histories of the Library of Congress". Libraries & the Cultural Record. 45 (1): 5–24. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.0.0113">10.1353/lac.0.0113</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161865550">161865550</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1989" class="citation cs2">Anderson, Gillian B. (1989), "Putting the Experience of the World at the Nation's Command: Music at the Library of Congress, 1800–1917", Journal of the American Musicological Society, 42 (1): 108–49, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F831419">10.2307/831419</a>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/831419">831419</a></cite></li>

<li>Bisbort, Alan, and Linda Barrett Osborne. The Nation's Library: The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. (Library of Congress, 2000)</li>

<li>Cole, John Young. Jefferson's legacy: a brief history of the Library of Congress (Library of Congress, 1993)</li>

<li>Cole, John Young. "The library of congress becomes a world library, 1815–2005." Libraries & culture (2005) 40#3: 385–398. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/188792/pdf">in Project MUSE</a></li>

<li>Cope, R. L. "Management Review of the Library of Congress: The 1996 Booz Allen & Hamilton Report," Australian Academic & Research Libraries (1997) 28#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226043706/http://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-20111506/management-review-of-the-library-of-congress-the">online</a></li>

<li>Mearns, David Chambers. The Story Up to Now: The Library of Congress, 1800–1946 (1947), detailed narrative</li>

<li>Ostrowski, Carl. Books, Maps, and Politics: A Cultural History of the Library of Congress, 1783–1861 (2004)</li>

<li>Rosenberg, Jane Aiken. The Nation's Great Library: Herbert Putnam and the Library of Congress, 1899–1939 (University of Illinois Press, 1993)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFShevlinLindquist2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shevlin, Eleanor F.; Lindquist, Eric N. (2010). "The Center for the Book and the History of the Book". Libraries & the Cultural Record. 45 (1): 56–69. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flac.0.0112">10.1353/lac.0.0112</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161311744">161311744</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTabb2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tabb, Winston; et al. (2003). "Library of Congress". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science. 3: 1593–1612.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Congress,_Library_of">"Congress, Library of" </a>. <a href="Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>. 1920.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/loc/">Library of Congress documentary and resources</a> on <a href="C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li>

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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AbfqJQ-jf7o">Video: "Library of Congress in 1968 – Computer Automation"</a> on YouTube from Computer History Archive Project</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/">Library of Congress Web Archives (Search by URL)</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Librarians_of_Congress48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Librarian_of_Congress" title="Librarian of Congress">Librarians of Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_J._Beckley" title="John J. Beckley">John J. Beckley</a> (1802–1807)</li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Magruder" title="Patrick Magruder">Patrick Magruder</a> (1807–1815)</li>

<li><a href="George_Watterston" title="George Watterston">George Watterston</a> (1815–1829)</li>

<li><a href="John_Silva_Meehan" title="John Silva Meehan">John Silva Meehan</a> (1829–1861)</li>

<li><a href="John_Gould_Stephenson" title="John Gould Stephenson">John Gould Stephenson</a> (1861–1864)</li>

<li><a href="Ainsworth_Rand_Spofford" title="Ainsworth Rand Spofford">Ainsworth Rand Spofford</a> (1864–1897)</li>

<li><a href="John_Russell_Young" title="John Russell Young">John Russell Young</a> (1897–1899)</li>

<li><a href="Herbert_Putnam" title="Herbert Putnam">Herbert Putnam</a> (1899–1939)</li>

<li><a href="Archibald_MacLeish" title="Archibald MacLeish">Archibald MacLeish</a> (1939–1944)</li>

<li><a href="Luther_H._Evans" title="Luther H. Evans">Luther H. Evans</a> (1945–1953)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Quincy_Mumford" title="Lawrence Quincy Mumford">Lawrence Quincy Mumford</a> (1954–1974)</li>

<li><a href="Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Daniel J. Boorstin</a> (1975–1987)</li>

<li><a href="James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a> (1987–2015)</li>

<li><a href="Carla_Hayden" title="Carla Hayden">Carla Hayden</a> (2016–present)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="24px&#124;Flag_of_the_United_States_United_States_national_libraries102" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="24px&#124;Flag_of_the_United_States_United_States_national_libraries102" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> United States national libraries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> <a href="United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture:</a>  <a href="United_States_National_Agricultural_Library" title="United States National Agricultural Library">National Agricultural Library</a></li>

<li> <a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress:</a>  </li>

<li> <a href="United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">Department of Transportation:</a>  <a href="National_Transportation_Library" title="National Transportation Library">National Transportation Library</a></li>

<li> <a href="United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services / </a><a href="National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health:</a>  <a href="United_States_National_Library_of_Medicine" title="United States National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a></li>

<li> <a href="United_States_Department_of_Education" title="United States Department of Education">Department of Education:</a>  <a href="National_Library_of_Education_(United_States)" title="National Library of Education (United States)">National Library of Education</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<dl><dt>Other related libraries and services</dt>

<dd><a href="Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></dd>

<dd><a href="National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration (NARA)</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Federal_Depository_Library_Program" title="Federal Depository Library Program">Federal Depository Library Program</a></dd>

<dd><a href="Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">Presidential library system</a></dd>

<dd><a href="List_of_U.S._state_libraries_and_archives" title="List of U.S. state libraries and archives">List of U.S. state libraries and archives</a></dd></dl>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Capitol_Complex200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="United_States_Capitol_Complex200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">United States Capitol Complex</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives chamber">House chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office buildings</a> (<a href="Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a>): <a href="Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">House Library</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li>

<li><a href="O'Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li>

<li><a href="O'Neill_House_Office_Building_(1947)" title="O'Neill House Office Building (1947)">O'Neill</a> (former)</li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Reception_Room" title="United States Senate Reception Room">Senate Reception Room</a></li>

<li><a href="Hideaway_(U.S._Senate)" title="Hideaway (U.S. Senate)">Hideaways</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office buildings</a>: <a href="Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Senate Library</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Pickford_Theater" title="Mary Pickford Theater">Mary Pickford Theater</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">Cornerstone</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a>

<ul><li><a href="Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Declaration of Independence painting</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_rotunda#Frieze_of_American_History" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Frieze of American History</a></li>

<li><a href="General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(David_d'Angers)" title="Statue of Thomas Jefferson (David d'Angers)">Jefferson statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (U.S. Capitol)">Lincoln statue</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)">Washington statue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">Statues</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li>

<li><a href="Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li>

<li><a href="Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Lincoln_(Bittinger)" title="Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)">Abraham Lincoln (Bittinger)</a></li>

<li><a href="Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></li>

<li><a href="Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">Vice Presidential Bust Collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Ohio_Clock" title="Ohio Clock">Ohio Clock</a></li>

<li><a href="President's_Room" title="President's Room">President's Room</a></li>

<li><a href="Vice_President's_Room" title="Vice President's Room">Vice President's Room</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington's_Tomb_(United_States_Capitol)" title="Washington's Tomb (United States Capitol)">Washington's Tomb</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lincoln_catafalque" title="Lincoln catafalque">Lincoln catafalque</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)">George Washington as Zeus</a> (sculpture, 1841–1908)</li>

<li><a href="The_Discovery_of_America_(sculpture)" title="The Discovery of America (sculpture)">Discovery of America</a> (sculpture, 1844–1958)</li>

<li><a href="The_Rescue_(sculpture)" title="The Rescue (sculpture)">The Rescue</a> (sculpture, 1853–1958)</li>

<li><a href="National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._Capitol_Gatehouses_and_Gateposts" title="U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts">U.S. Capitol Gatehouses and Gateposts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits (A-J)</a></li>

<li><a href="Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">Confederate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Thurgood_Marshall_Federal_Judiciary_Building" title="Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building">Judiciary Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Providence_Park_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Providence Park (Washington, D.C.)">Providence Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Reflecting Pool</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway System</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_Square_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Senate Page Residence</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress551" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="United_States_Congress551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of the United States Congress">Lists of the United States Congress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li>

<li><a href="Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li>

<li><a href="Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li>

<li><a href="Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_current_United_States_representatives" title="List of current United States representatives">Members</a>

<ul><li><a href="Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled%2C_censured%2C_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a>

<li><a href="President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a>

<li><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li>

<li><a href="Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li>

<li><a href="Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a>

<ul><li><a href="Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li>

<li><a href="Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a>

<li><a href="Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li>

<li><a href="House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">Apportionment</a></li>

<li><a href="Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a>

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a>

<li><a href="Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a>

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_LGBTQ_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of LGBTQ members of the United States Congress">LGBTQ members</a>

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Women

<ul><li><a href="Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Caucus_for_Women's_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li>

<li>Died in office

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="List of members of the United States Congress who died in office (2000–present)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of members of the United States Congress killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li>

<li><a href="Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li>

<li><a href="Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li>

<li><a href="Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li>

<li><a href="Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li>

<li><a href="Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a>

<li><a href="Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li>

<li><a href="Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a>

<ul><li><a href="Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li>

<li><a href="Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li>

<li><a href="Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li>

<li><a href="Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li>

<li><a href="Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li>

<li><a href="Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a>

<li><a href="Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li>

<li><a href="Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li>

<li><a href="Hastert_rule" title="Hastert rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li>

<li><a href="Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li>

<li><a href="Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li>

<li><a href="Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li>

<li><a href="Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li>

<li><a href="Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson's_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's Manual</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal">Senate Journal</a></li>

<li><a href="Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li>

<li><a href="Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li>

<li><a href="Riddick's_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li>

<li><a href="Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li>

<li><a href="Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li>

<li><a href="Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li>

<li><a href="Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li>

<li><a href="Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li>

<li><a href="Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li>

<li><a href="Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li>

<li><a href="Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a>

<ul><li><a href="U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li>

<li><a href="U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li>

<li><a href="Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li>

<li><a href="Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory</a></li>

<li><a href="Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li>

<li><a href="Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li>

<li><a href="Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Government_Accountability_Office" title="United States Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li>

<li><a href="Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning%2C_Preparedness%2C_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li>

<li><a href="Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li>

<li><a href="Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li>

<li><a href="Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li>

<li><a href="Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li>

<li><a href="Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li>

<li><a href="Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li>

<li><a href="Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a>

<ul><li><a href="House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li>

<li><a href="Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li>

<li><a href="Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a>

<ul><li><a href="Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a>

<ul><li><a href="Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li>

<li><a href="THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></li>

<li><a href="Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li>

<li><a href="Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)">Declaration of Independence painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li>

<li><a href="Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li>

<li><a href="Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></li>

<li><a href="Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li>

<li><a href="O'Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li>

<li><a href="Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C.459" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C.459" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adams_Memorial_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)">Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Veterans_Disabled_for_Life_Memorial" title="American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial">American Veterans Disabled for Life</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_John_Barry" title="Statue of John Barry">John Barry</a></li>

<li><a href="Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women's_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Memorial" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li>

<li><a href="Boy_Scout_Commemorative_Tribute" title="Boy Scout Commemorative Tribute">Boy Scout</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">James Buchanan</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_John_Carroll" title="Statue of John Carroll">John Carroll</a></li>

<li><a href="Columbus_Fountain" title="Columbus Fountain">Christopher Columbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Albert Einstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_David_Farragut_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Statue of David Farragut (Washington, D.C.)">David Farragut</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Division_Monument" title="First Division Monument">First Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Gallaudet_Memorial" title="Gallaudet Memorial">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li>

<li><a href="James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield</a></li>

<li><a href="Kahlil_Gibran_Memorial_Garden_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden (Washington, D.C.)">Kahlil Gibran</a></li>

<li><a href="Samuel_Gompers_Memorial" title="Samuel Gompers Memorial">Samuel Gompers</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">Holocaust Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Holodomor_Genocide_Memorial%2C_Washington%2C_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC">Holodomor Genocide</a></li>

<li><a href="Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Andrew Jackson</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_American_Memorial_to_Patriotism_During_World_War_II" title="Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II">Japanese American Patriotism During World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Paul_Jones_Memorial" title="John Paul Jones Memorial">John Paul Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)">Marquis de Lafayette</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">Law Enforcement Officers</a></li>

<li><a href="Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a>

<ul><li><a href="Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li>

<li><a href="Equestrian_statue_of_George_B._McClellan" title="Equestrian statue of George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Meade</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Muhlenberg_Memorial" title="Peter Muhlenberg Memorial">Peter Muhlenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Navy_%E2%80%93_Merchant_Marine_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial">Navy – Merchant Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuns_of_the_Battlefield" title="Nuns of the Battlefield">Nuns of the Battlefield</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="John_J._Pershing_General_of_the_Armies" title="John J. Pershing General of the Armies">John J. Pershing</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Division_Memorial" title="Second Division Memorial">Second Division</a></li>

<li><a href="Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Extra_Mile" title="The Extra Mile">The Extra Mile</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Soldiers_(statue)" title="Three Soldiers (statue)">Three Soldiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_the_Comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Statue of the Comte de Rochambeau">Jean de Rochambeau</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Taras_Shevchenko_Memorial" title="Taras Shevchenko Memorial">Taras Shevchenko</a></li>

<li><a href="Statues_of_the_Liberators" title="Statues of the Liberators">Statues of the Liberators</a></li>

<li><a href="Oscar_Straus_Memorial" title="Oscar Straus Memorial">Oscar Straus</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_A._Taft_Memorial" title="Robert A. Taft Memorial">Robert A. Taft</a></li>

<li><a href="Titanic_Memorial_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Titanic</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li>

<li><a href="Victims_of_Communism_Memorial" title="Victims of Communism Memorial">Victims of Communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam_Women's_Memorial" title="Vietnam Women's Memorial">Vietnam Women's</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Daniel_Webster_Memorial" title="Daniel Webster Memorial">Daniel Webster</a></li>

<li><a href="National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">World War I</a></li>

<li><a href="National_World_War_II_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National World War II Memorial">World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rainbow_Pool" title="Rainbow Pool">Rainbow Pool</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a></li>

<li><a href="Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li>

<li><a href="Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Capitol Reflecting Pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="DAR_Constitution_Hall" title="DAR Constitution Hall">DAR Constitution Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Exorcist_steps" title="Exorcist steps">Exorcist steps</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Air_Mail_Marker" title="First Air Mail Marker">First Air Mail Marker</a></li>

<li><a href="Ford's_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>

<ul><li><a href="Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</a></li>

<li><a href="Healy_Hall" title="Healy Hall">Healy Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Hillwood_Estate%2C_Museum_%26_Gardens" title="Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens">Hillwood Estate and Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li>

<li><a href="John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></li>

<li><a href="President_Lincoln's_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers'_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home</a></li>

<li><a href="Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">Octagon House</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Post_Office_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Stone_House_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li>

<li><a href="Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li>

<li><a href="St._John's_Episcopal_Church%2C_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Arts_of_War_and_The_Arts_of_Peace" title="The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace">The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_Basin" title="Tidal Basin">Tidal Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Treasury_Building_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a>

<ul><li><a href="Freedman's_Bank_Building" title="Freedman's Bank Building">Freedman's Bank Building</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tudor_Place" title="Tudor Place">Tudor Place</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a></li>

<li><a href="White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li>

<li><a href="Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and plazas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li>

<li><a href="Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Farragut_Square" title="Farragut Square">Farragut Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Lafayette_Square%2C_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li>

<li><a href="L'Enfant_Plaza" title="L'Enfant Plaza">L'Enfant Plaza</a></li>

<li><a href="Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill Park</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a></li>

<li><a href="National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington%2C_D.C.)#Pershing_Park" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Pershing Park</a></li>

<li><a href="President's_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li>

<li><a href="Union_Square_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a></li>

<li><a href="West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boundaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anacostia_River" title="Anacostia River">Anacostia River</a></li>

<li><a href="Arlington_Memorial_Bridge" title="Arlington Memorial Bridge">Arlington Memorial Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Boundary_markers_of_the_original_District_of_Columbia" title="Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia">Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia</a></li>

<li><a href="Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_Bridge_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)">Francis Scott Key Bridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li>

<li><a href="Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero_Milestone" title="Zero Milestone">Zero Milestone</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington_National_Cemetery)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington National Cemetery)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li>

<li><a href="John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">John F. Kennedy gravesite</a></li>

<li><a href="Arlington_House%2C_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands_Carillon" title="Netherlands Carillon">Netherlands Carillon</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">United States Air Force Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Military_Service_for_America_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Military Service for America Memorial">Women in Military Service for America Memorial</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Desert_Storm_and_Desert_Shield_Memorial" title="National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial">National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Liberty_Memorial" title="National Liberty Memorial">National Liberty Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Peace_Corps_Commemorative" title="Peace Corps Commemorative">Peace Corps Commemorative</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_Star_Mothers_National_Monument" title="Gold Star Mothers National Monument">Gold Star Mothers National Monument</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Capital_Memorial_Advisory_Commission" title="National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission">National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.">List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="List_of_public_art_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="List of public art in Washington, D.C.">Public art in Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="American_Revolution_Statuary" title="American Revolution Statuary">American Revolution Statuary</a>, <a href="Civil_War_Monuments_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.">Civil War Monuments</a>, <a href="List_of_artworks_commemorating_African_Americans_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="List of artworks commemorating African Americans in Washington, D.C.">Commemorating African-Americans</a>, <a href="Outdoor_sculpture_in_Washington%2C_D.C." title="Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.">Outdoor sculpture</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legislative_libraries76" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Legislative_libraries76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Library" title="Library">Legislative libraries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Pakistan" title="National Library of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Assembly_Library_of_Korea" title="National Assembly Library of Korea">South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Library of Grand National Assembly">Turkey</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Library_of_Estonia" title="National Library of Estonia">Estonia</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Parliamentary_Library_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parliamentary Library of Georgia">Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Passos_Manuel_Library" title="Passos Manuel Library">Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Library of Grand National Assembly">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Parliamentary_Library_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parliamentary Library of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li>

<li>United Kingdom (<a href="House_of_Commons_Library" title="House of Commons Library">Lower House</a> · <a href="House_of_Lords_Library" title="House of Lords Library">Upper House</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Library_of_Parliament" title="Library of Parliament">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_of_the_Congress_of_Mexico" title="Library of the Congress of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li> (<a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Lower House</a> · <a href="United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Upper House</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parliamentary_Library_of_Australia" title="Parliamentary Library of Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand_Parliamentary_Library" title="New Zealand Parliamentary Library">New Zealand</a></li>

<li><a href="Palau_Congressional_Library" title="Palau Congressional Library">Palau</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Library_of_Congress_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_libraries_of_North_America173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="National_libraries_of_North_America173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="National_libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="National libraries">National libraries</a> of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="National_Library_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li>

<li>Bahamas</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Barbados">Barbados</a></li>

<li>Belize</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li>Costa Rica</li>

<li>Dominica</li>

<li>Dominican Republic</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_El_Salvador" title="National Library of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li>

<li>Grenada</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Guatemala" title="National Library of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Haiti" title="National Library of Haiti">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Honduras">Honduras</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Jamaica" title="National Library of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Mexico" title="National Library of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Panama" title="National Library of Panama">Panama</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li>

<li>Saint Lucia</li>

<li>Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Anguilla</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Aruba" title="National Library of Aruba">Aruba</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li>

<li>Bonaire</li>

<li>British Virgin Islands</li>

<li>Cayman Islands</li>

<li>Curaçao</li>

<li><a href="National_Library_of_Greenland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Greenland">Greenland</a></li>

<li>Guadeloupe</li>

<li>Martinique</li>

<li>Montserrat</li>

<li>Puerto Rico</li>

<li>Saint Barthélemy</li>

<li>Saint Martin</li>

<li>Saint Pierre and Miquelon</li>

<li>Sint Eustatius</li>

<li>Sint Maarten</li>

<li>Turks and Caicos Islands</li>

<li>United States Virgin Islands</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_Madison1091" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="James_Madison1091" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1809–1817)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">5th</a> <a href="United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> (1801–1809)</li>

<li><a href="United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> (1789–1797)</li>

<li><a href="Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress of the Confederation</a> (1781–1783)</li>

<li><a href="Virginia_House_of_Delegates" title="Virginia House of Delegates">Virginia House of Delegates</a> (1776–1779, 1784–1786)</li>

<li><a href="Fifth_Virginia_Convention" title="Fifth Virginia Convention">Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention</a> (1776)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="James_Madison_as_Father_of_the_Constitution" title="James Madison as Father of the Constitution">"Father of the Constitution"</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Virginia_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Constitution">Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)#James_Madison's_blueprint" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">1787 Constitutional Convention</a>

<ul><li><a href="Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">Constitution of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of State">Department of Foreign Affairs</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>

<ul><li>written by Madison</li>

<li><a href="Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27th amendment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Constitution drafting and ratification timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Tariff_of_1789" title="Tariff of 1789">Tariff of 1789</a></li>

<li><a href="Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="First_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="First inauguration of James Madison">First inauguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_inauguration_of_James_Madison" title="Second inauguration of James Madison">Second inauguration</a></li>

<li><a href="Tecumseh's_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a>

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Origins_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Origins of the War of 1812">origins</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_letters" title="Henry letters">Henry letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">The Octagon House</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_Buildings" title="Seven Buildings">Seven Buildings residence</a></li>

<li><a href="Results_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Results of the War of 1812">results</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a></li>

<li><a href="Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="1810_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1810 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1810</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison#Administration_and_cabinet" title="James Madison">Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_Madison" title="List of federal judges appointed by James Madison">Federal judiciary appointments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Wolcott_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Alexander Wolcott Supreme Court nomination">Supreme Court nomination of Alexander Wolcott</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Quincy_Adams_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="John Quincy Adams Supreme Court nomination">Supreme Court nomination of John Quincy Adams</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other noted accomplisments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Whig%E2%80%93Cliosophic_Society" title="American Whig–Cliosophic Society">Co-founder, American Whig Society</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Washington's_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li>

<li><a href="Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Supervised the Louisiana Purchase</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration party</a></li>

<li><a href="Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>

<ul><li><a href="First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li>

<li><a href="Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Library of Congress</a></li>

<li><a href="Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">Library of the State Department</a></li>

<li><a href="Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions</a></li>

<li><a href="Report_of_1800" title="Report of 1800">Report of 1800</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Papers_of_James_Madison" title="The Papers of James Madison">The Papers of James Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="James_Madison#Early_life_and_career" title="James Madison">Early life and career</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_and_slavery" title="James Madison and slavery">James Madison and slavery</a></li>

<li><a href="Belle_Grove_(Port_Conway%2C_Virginia)" title="Belle Grove (Port Conway, Virginia)">Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace</a></li>

<li><a href="Montpelier_(Orange%2C_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1789_Virginia's_5th_congressional_district_election" title="1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election">1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election</a></li>

<li><a href="1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election, 1808</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_James_Madison" title="Bibliography of James Madison">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_memorials_to_James_Madison" title="List of memorials to James Madison">Memorials</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">James Madison Memorial Building</a>

<ul><li><a href="Statue_of_James_Madison" title="Statue of James Madison">statue</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_College" class="mw-redirect" title="James Madison College">James Madison College</a></li>

<li><a href="Madison%2C_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison, Wisconsin</a>

<ul><li><a href="James_Madison_Park" title="James Madison Park">James Madison Park</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a>

<ul><li><a href="Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Madison" title="Mount Madison">Mount Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Madison_Street_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Madison Street (disambiguation)">Madison Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#James_Madison" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Memorial_Fellowship_Foundation" title="James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation">James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Freedom_of_Information_Award" title="James Madison Freedom of Information Award">James Madison Freedom of Information Award</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Award" title="James Madison Award">James Madison Award</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Institute" title="James Madison Institute">James Madison Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Museum" title="James Madison Museum">James Madison Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="USRC_James_Madison_(1807)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC James Madison (1807)">USRC James Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Madison_(1812)" title="USS Madison (1812)">USS Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_James_Madison_(SSBN-627)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS James Madison (SSBN-627)">USS James Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnificent_Doll" title="Magnificent Doll">Magnificent Doll</a> (1946 film)</li>

<li><a href="A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (1989 film)</a></li>

<li><a href="Liberty's_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids (2002 series)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (<a href="Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">musical</a>, <a href="Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)">Washington (2020 miniseries)</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li>

<li><a href="Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Gazette" title="National Gazette">National Gazette</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Jennings_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Jennings (slave)">Paul Jennings</a></li>

<li><a href="Madisonian_model" title="Madisonian model">Madisonian model</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cognitive_Madisonianism" title="Cognitive Madisonianism">Cognitive Madisonianism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li>

<li><a href="The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum magazine</a></li>

<li><a href="Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="John_Payne_Todd" title="John Payne Todd">John Payne Todd</a> (stepson)</li>

<li><a href="James_Madison_Sr." title="James Madison Sr.">James Madison Sr.</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Eleanor_Madison" title="Eleanor Madison">Eleanor Madison</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="William_Madison" title="William Madison">William Madison</a> (brother)</li>

<li><a href="Ambrose_Madison" title="Ambrose Madison">Ambrose Madison</a> (grandfather)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">← Thomas Jefferson</a></li>

<li><a href="James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe →</a></li>

<li> Category:James Madison</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012186288X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/151962300">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/528532">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QQPVp7WVRJbR6pY8DTQkQFg">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/35626-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78089035">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11870393s">France</a></li><li><a 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href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810700988305606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/6031">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007306975105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058611065906706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/e1d1a030-200d-4b9b-ab91-90a64eb27774">MusicBrainz place</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00238760?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500312782">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w3id.org/isil/US-DLC">ISIL</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/904789">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026459450">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/2be5c4f7-1072-4726-bea5-ff02b3d90a1d">MusicBrainz label</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f58cnp">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/institutions/30002492">RISM</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/a72efc3d-41a5-47d0-90cb-8233e054a7ac">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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